Capacocha Ceremony Evidence for Inca Child Sacrifices

The capacocha ceremony (or capac hucha), involving a ritual sacrifice of children, was an important part of the Inca Empire, and it is interpreted today as one of the several strategies used by the imperial Inca state to integrate and control its vast empire. According to historical documentation, the capacocha ceremony was performed in celebration of key events such as the death of an emperor, the birth of a royal son, a great victory in battle or an annual or biennial event in the Incan calendar. It was also conducted to stop or prevent droughts, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and epidemics. Ceremony Rituals Historic records reporting on the Inca capacocha ceremony include that of Bernabe Cobos Historia del Nuevo Mundo. Cobo was a Spanish friar and conquistador known today for his chronicles of Inca myths, religious beliefs, and ceremonies. Other chroniclers reporting the capacocha ceremony included Juan de Betanzos, Alonso Ramos Gavilà ¡n, Muà ±oz Molina, Rodrigo Hernà ¡ndez de Principe, and Sarmiento de Gamboa: it is best to remember that all of these were members of the Spanish colonization force, and thus had an imperative political agenda to set up the Inca as deserving conquest. There is no doubt, however, that capacocha was a ceremony practiced by the Inca, and archaeological evidence resoundingly supports many of the ceremonys aspects as reported in the historical record. When a capacocha ceremony was to be held, reported Cobo, the Inca sent a demand out to the provinces for tribute payment of gold, silver, spondylus shell, cloth, feathers, and llamas and alpacas. But more to the point, the Inca rulers also demanded tribute payment of boys and girls between the ages of 4 and 16, selected, so the histories report, for physical perfection. Children as Tribute According to Cobo, the children were brought from their provincial homes to the Inca capital city of Cuzco, where feasting and ritual events occurred, and then they were taken to the place of sacrifice, sometimes thousands of kilometers (and many months of travel) away. Offerings and additional rituals would be made at the appropriate huaca (shrine). Then, the children were suffocated, killed with a blow to the head or buried alive after ritual inebriation. Archaeological evidence supports Cobos description, that the sacrifices were children raised in the regions, brought to Cuzco for their last year, and taken journeys of several months and thousands of kilometers near their homes or at other regional locations far from the capital city. Archaeological Evidence Most, but not all, capacocha sacrifices culminated in high altitude burials. All of them date to the Late Horizon (Inca Empire) period. Strontium isotope analysis of the seven individuals at the Choquepukio child burials in Peru indicate that the children came from several different geographical areas, including five local, one from the Wari region, and one from the Tiwanaku region. The three children buried on the Llullaillaco volcano came from two and perhaps three different locations. Pottery from several of the capacocha shrines identified in Argentina, Peru and Ecuador include both local and Cuzco-based examples (Bray et al.). Artifacts buried with the children were made both within the local community and in the Inca capital city. Capacocha Sites Approximately 35 child burials associated with Inca artifacts or otherwise dated to the Late Horizon (Inca) period have been identified archaeologically to date, within the Andean mountains throughout the far-flung Inca empire. One capacocha ceremony known from the historic period is Tanta Carhua, a 10-year-old girl who was sacrificed to obtain the capacs support for a canal project. Argentina: Llullailaco (6739 meters above sea level (masl), Quehuar (6100 masl), Chaà ±i (5896 amsl), Aconcagua, Chuscha (5175 asml)Chile: El Plomo, EsmeraldaEcuador: La Plata Island (non-summit)Peru: Ampato Juanita (6312 amsl), Choquepukio (Cuzco valley), Sara Sara (5500 asml) Sources Andrushko VA, Buzon MR, Gibaja AM, McEwan GF, Simonetti A, and Creaser RA. 2011. Investigating a child sacrifice event from the Inca heartland. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(2):323-333. Bray TL, Minc LD, Ceruti MC, Chà ¡vez JA, Perea R, and Reinhard J. 2005. A compositional analysis of pottery vessels associated with the Inca ritual of capacocha. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24(1):82-100. Browning GR, Bernaski M, Arias G, and Mercado L. 2012. 1. How the natural world helps to understand the past: The Llullaillaco Children’s experience. Cryobiology 65(3):339. Ceruti MC. 2003. Elegidos de los dioses: identidad y estatus en las và ­ctimas sacrificiales del volcà ¡n Llullaillaco. Boletin de Arqueoligà ­a PUCP  7. Ceruti C. 2004. Human bodies as objects of dedication at Inca mountain shrines (north-western Argentina). World Archaeology 36(1):103-122. Previgliano CH, Ceruti C, Reinhard J, Arias Araoz F, and Gonzalez Diez J. 2003. Radiologic Evaluation of the Llullaillaco Mummies. American Journal of Roentgenology 181:1473-1479. Wilson AS, Taylor T, Ceruti MC, Chavez JA, Reinhard J, Grimes V, Meier-Augenstein W, Cartmell L, Stern B, Richards MP et al. 2007. Stable isotope and DNA evidence for ritual sequences in Inca child sacrifice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(42):16456-16461. Wilson AS, Brown EL, Villa C, Lynnerup N, Healey A, Ceruti MC, Reinhard J, Previgliano CH, Araoz FA, Gonzalez Diez J et al. 2013. Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(33):13322-13327. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1305117110

A Look Inside the Brain-Housing Area - 1227 Words

A Look Inside the Brain-Housing Area Amanda Marie Cervantes Philosophy100 Seungbae Park, Ph.D. 18 September 2010 The human mind is quite a mysterious machine. While we can break down and examine every detail and trait of the human brain, we cannot dissect the human mind. We can only observe its distinctive traits and behaviors. Brain states and mental states go hand in hand but do not equal each other. If they were identical, there would not be the case of whether they relate, but more so of how the relationship between the two works. Brain states and mental states have different characteristics than one another. The mind resides inside of the brain, but it is not the actual brain itself. The only way to prove that the†¦show more content†¦We would be invisible minds floating around in an abyss aware of nothing. There would be no reason for a physical body to occur. How would the mind ever come to be? It would have to be created. We create children, but we do not create their minds. Their minds can be influenced by us, but creation takes place in itself. Mental states are things of the imagination, personal feelings and beliefs such as the Easter Bunny or God. Emotions such as love and spiritualism are not things that are automatic for a person. One’s current mental state is what enables a starving single mother, who can afford only one meal, to give her last dollar to feed her hungry baby before she feeds herself. If this were a brain trait, all mothers would equally love their children and care for them the same. We see in nature that not all mothers are loving mothers. Through the mind, one can experience spiritualism; to feel and believe in something greater than them self. Brain states are systematic. They send messages throughout the body and experience things such as knowing that the body is injured or slowly dying while the current mental state is serene. The brain does not give the selfless feelings of love and devotion like the mind does. It is not programmed with the belief of God or a higher power. A person’s current brain state is what tries to lift an amputated limb when it is not intact anymore. It has been programmed toShow MoreRelatedBio 315 Assment 1 Essay773 Words   |  4 Pageson human host Fever, swelling around initial infection site, parasites in blood, sometimes asymptomatic, rarely debilitating or life threatening problems can occur. Formation of larval cysts can occur in the muscles, eyes, brain, and/or spinal cord. Cysts in these areas can lead to other side affects. How parasite is transmitted. Contact with insect feces and through the blood. Maybe through ingestion. Ingestion. 2. True or false Correct the false questions. You are not allowed to correctRead MoreThe Cost of Culpability: The Significance of Numbers Inside the Criminal Justice System (Age and Economics)1244 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferently by various courts. 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Ethics Team Case Free Essays

The auditor discovers that the manager in question, referred to as Charles, is exclusively responsible for setting bonus targets for himself and his department. This alone poses a red flag in the mind of the auditor. In particular is the simple fact that a manager should not be solely responsible or the distribution of bonus targets for his own gratuity. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Team Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, a fundamental element of internal control was not in play. This could give rise to a conflict of interest and overlook a segregation of duties. Following protocol, the auditor brings the issue up to senior management of the accounting firm who concurs that there is a potential issue and requests the auditor to pursue another meeting with Charles. Ultimately, it is determined that there is a noteworthy statement of error on the bonus accruals that will need to be reaffirmed. This will also be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). There is little doubt that this will be a poor reflection on the performance of Charles and may even lead to further ramifications. The auditor’s manager is in agreement with this restatement until he learns that the manager that was audited was Charles. The accounting firm manager and Charles are friends outside of work and, from what we can gather, are close with each other’s families as well. Immediately pressure is put on the auditor to reverse course and hold off on any formal restatements. With insinuations from the auditor’s manager that filing any restatements against Charles or his department would be detrimental to her performance review, the auditor is now faced with a career changing decision. Her performance review and future with the company is at the discretion of her manager. More importantly, by correctly reporting the misstatement, she will guarantee a poor review and possibly a termination of employment. Placed in a compromising position, the auditor’s loyalty is questioned. To whom does she owe her loyalty in this situation? As a Certified Public Accountant, there are certain calls of duty, a Code of Ethics to the profession, the obligation to the Organization, and the general financial stability of the marketplace. More importantly, a performance of one’s responsibilities in identifying potential misstatements that prevent false or misleading information is proper protocol. In addition to these allegiances, there is the question of obligation that the auditor has to her direct supervisor; who, in this instance, is asking her to ignore duties to the firm and her professional association. We will examine several alternatives that the auditor could choose while being put in this precarious position. Ultimately we will arrive at what we determine is the cost appropriate decision among the alternatives and will argue that decision with ethical concepts we have learned throughout the semester. Alternatives and Measurements With further evaluation of the case, it is evident that the relevant stakeholder is the young auditor working for the large accounting firm. She is faced with decisions regarding her career, her loyalty to the company and manager, and her profession as a certified public accountant. The auditor is faced with various alternatives that can be leveraged to alleviate the compromising situation that she has found herself to be in at this time. It is clear that one alternative will ultimately hold itself morally superior than the other alternatives, but careful analysis relating to general moral theory is needed to appreciate the arguments. As determined by our team, the auditor is faced with four alternatives to benefit the current situation that she finds herself in. Below is our thorough analysis of the four alternatives, which eventually leads to the morally superior choice. As an auditor, this individual is faced with a precarious situation that has the potential to make or break her career as a Certified Public Accountant. Together, as a team, our first identifiable alternative to the situation is for the young auditor to ignore the situation entirely. Kant thinks that the validity of morality depends on the freedom of the will and conceptually, a duty, and is certainly achievable (Discarding,J McCall, 2014). Given this rationale, we have learned that the individual’s manager has strongly encouraged the auditor to ‘indoor on other things and to move past these questionable findings† (Case 1). If the auditor simply conceded to the managers requests, she would ultimately assert herself to the belief that there is generally no laid or required moral standard. Relativism is a greater title. It is not what people do believe, but what they should believe. Imposing ones moral beliefs on another is wrong, especially if the belief is categorically immoral. Seeing that the auditor’s manager has a direct relationship to Charles and his family clouds his judgment, but according to moral theory, it is not wise for the auditor to levy her beliefs on the situation. Turning a blind eye in the face of adversity is something that is not normally celebrated by individuals, but relevant to the young auditors career, it may have been the only viable Option at that time. Her direct manager has threatened the auditor indicating that by failing to let this go, her year-end performance review will be compromised (Case 1). The potential consequences could be debilitating and end her career as a Certified Public Accountant. The performance review was critical. It was duly noted that if one does not get promoted according to the firms regulated progression schedule, they are likely not to have a job after performance roundtable (Case 1). This could very well have been the only realistic alternative that the young auditor sensed at the end of the discussions. Collectively, as a team and contrary to the aforementioned option, we arrived at another credible alternative to the situation; asking a similar manager with unbiased views for his/her opinion. The auditor states in the case that her direct manager was friends with Charles and did not want to see Charles ultimately come under scrutiny for his self-imposed bonus payout practices. With a willingness to review the matter at hand, managers sharing the same fiscal responsibility as the young auditor may appreciate the gravity of the situation. We looked to this alternative as a viable method of creasing the possible effects facing both Charles and the young auditor’s manager. We can only assume and, therefore, hope that the other manager would see the â€Å"ethical implications† regarding the bonus payout made to both Charles and his employees. The correlation of basic rights holds important implications to this alternative by protecting the rights of persons in pursuit of the common good (Discarding, J McCall, 2014). Most of us are committed to the belief that some individual interests should be protected from actions aimed at improving the good for all, that this is not always sufficientjustification for sacrificing the interests of the few. Individuals have rights that should not be sacrificed merely for satisfying the preferences of a majority (Discarding, J McCall, 2014). If the auditor hydration had determined that Charles’ actions are questionable at best, she has the right to bring it to the attention of another person other than her direct manager. This foundation relies on the fact that he was willing to do nothing in relation to the impropriety at hand. Basic rights are positive rights as well as duties (Discarding, J McCall, 2014). They impose affirmative obligations to help secure another’s interests. We can see as a team that it is necessary for the young auditor to evaluate the positive rights and duties as related to these alternatives. Besides the reinforcement of proper auditing procedures, the ill benefits of monies allocated to Charlie could further service the company or to other hard working employees. The positive duties can be shared among players, in this case between the auditor and a similar manager; therefore it is obvious that the auditor can use this as an option to share her thoughts arising from Charles’ duplicitous bonus practice. While involving others can somewhat be frowned upon in certain professional situations, we find that, given her hefty predicament, it is a necessary alternative for the young auditor going forward. As a team, we have two alternatives to the young auditor’s current situation. Based on ethical theories and the current situation, our third alternative is relevant to the young auditor’s mandatory decision process. General moral theory lends itself to the argument of theories, utilities and rights. Morality is a layered definition that lends itself to specific judgments and the obvious action that that the option is morally wrong. They can be determined as mid- level rules and/or basic principles, most notably a Certified Public Accountants Code of Ethics. We recognized the harmful consequences that could possibly be incurred by the bonus payouts for Charles and his team. Stated in the case are the facts that not only was Charles â€Å"responsible for setting the performance targets required for a bonus payout to both the employees in his department and himself,† but the auditor had also â€Å"quantified the bonus accrual to be misstated by several million dollars† (Case 1). In accord with the Utilitarianism argument represented in general moral theory, this misstatement directly relates to harmful consequences for both the individuals and society. When part of a large Fortune 500 company, financial statements are disclosed with the Securities Exchange Commission. Incorrectly reporting the financial not only places ramifications on the individuals responsible, in this case the auditing team and pertinent individuals from the company being audited at the time, but it relates directly to the stockholders of the company. Incorrect financial statements can cause detriment to society as a whole seeing that investor’s in the company would potentially be investing in a company that was misstating their financial for gain. As a team we decided that the cost/benefit analysis involving this situation was significant enough not to be overlooked. When faced with situations where the competent way of achieving one’s goals and objectives jars with moral values, a person needs to ask herself why should one be ethical? The power to tackle the confusions produced by the leading view of management is the appeal of stakeholder theory. The theory suggests that a fundamental oral principle to bear on corporate activities; one that requires managers to acknowledge all that corporate stakeholders have equals their moral status. In addition, they are to acknowledge this status in all of their activities (Discarding, J McCall, 2014). A Utilitarianism argument actually supports the stakeholder theory since it compels that managers take everyone’s interest into account, not just the stockholders. Ultimately it maximizes happiness and encourages interest satisfaction for all concerned in the situation (Discarding, J McCall, 2014). Evaluating the decision and policy as to whether it increases utility for all that can be affected while defining the stakeholder, the young auditor faced with this problem would have no option but to let all relevant parties know the general misconduct affirmed by the company and choose to let senior management evaluate the egregious acts. Utilitarianism as learned benefits the â€Å"common good† and when relating the financial statements to larger portfolio of stockholders for the company, it seems necessary that this alternative is sustainable. We will be, more than likely, exposed to unethical behaviors in all venues of the business world. But, virtue has its own reward. There are countless, truthful ways that the young auditor can approach her ill-fated circumstances, but sometimes a person could be uncovered to barriers that are beyond control. In order for a leader to inspire others, they need to lead by example. Good leadership takes strength of character and a firm commitment to do the right thing based on your moral code. Therefore, another alternative would be to release herself from the duties of the company. Ethics are normally concerned with moral responsibilities or with Inquiries linking to what is right or wrong. The actions of supervisors, what resolutions they pursue, and what actions they take are all touched by ethics. In any given setting, what a supervisor observes as â€Å"right’ instinctively affects his or her actions and the actions of the employees. Moral standards are the consequence of shared strengths and human understandings over hundreds of years. For example, society condemns cheating, lying, and stealing. However, the application of ethics is an individual consideration. Do you or do you not follow moral standards when dealing with others? Are you aware of a moral code and, if so, how do you interpret it? Differences in awareness and interpretation of ethical standards create many problems. To demonstrate, when does a deed consent to the domain Of righteous self-interest and become personal deceit? Does the fact that a person was not disciplined for a certain action make it acceptable? Not being reprimanded may be why Charles did not change his tactics. All too often, actions are justified based on the means used or based on the ends accomplished. That is, do we hold an act to be morally right on the basis of the means used or on the basis of the end result? One might reason, for example, that the act of lying if it achieves positive results, is acceptable? Conversely, one might consider any action that employs ethical ways to be perfectly justifiable regardless of the outcome. A person’s inclination to protest with a company’s ethical standards demonstrates their moral code and usually is fixed and consistent across all frameworks. Business ethics will believe your corporate image what you portray it to be. The ethical imprint you leave with others dictates in volumes about your personality. The team came to an abrupt realization that sometimes in business, in order to safeguard your corporate presentation ND image, surrendering your duties may be the only feasible choice. The Morally Superior Alternative Looking through the mission, vision, or value statements Of most corporations, you will observe that nearly every company comprises a statement about integrity; a soundness of moral character. After all, integrity should be the basis for doing business. Moreover, a person does not want to work for a company that exemplifies dishonestly to their employees. However, simplicity has its conquests. Rationalizing a situation to legitimate its integrity, reliant on corporate policy, can be difficult. Acceptable practices f defining integrity require personal judgment and value statements are intended to be reminiscent that corporate responsibility of integrity is shared as a culture. With our team’s values being represented as such, the analysis of all four probable decision alternatives guided us to choose the morally superior alternative. Ultimately we have decided that a marriage of two alternatives is the superior option for the young auditor. Whistle blowing on the situation, while simultaneously looking for employment elsewhere at a firm that respects an individual’s moral code represents itself to us as the viable option. The ethical action is tone that provides the greatest good for the greatest number (Discarding, J McCall, 2014). By disclosing all pertinent facts to proper personnel, including the SEC, and retiring her position from the firm, the auditor can maintain her integrity and ethical behavior in her professional career. The general moral theory concepts are outlined below as substantiating evidence for our decision. . Our approach was gained in the analysis. Realizing that there was a problem, we came to the realization that the young auditor was facing a moral and atheistically or moral problem, en being the rules Of conduct recognized in respect to Charles’ actions and the latter being the personal compass of right and wrong with Charles and the auditor’s supervisor. The ethics are governed by loosely fitting professional guidelines where morality surpasses these cultural standards. Given these external standards provided by the organization, one’s morals may be influenced. Milton Friedman believed that all a business has to focus on is to use its resources and make profit. However, even he believed that the business needed to stay with the rules of the game (Discarding, J McCall, 2014). Turning a blind eye on the situation, selecting another supervisor to analyze the facts, ceasing employment at the company, or to taking drastic measures and blowing the whistle on the covert relations, are all options that the young auditor can take. But, in which direction does her moral compass point? Can she live with her decision to do nothing about it? The threat of disclosing information to another supervisor can result in further repercussions of her job performance, hence, her forced early termination. As an auditor, you accept a Code of Ethics that states the principles and expectations governing the behavior of individuals and organizations (International Ethics Standards Board of Accountants, 2013). This impartial declaration is designed to add value to one’s self and the organization that they represent. It is founded on principles of integrity, objectivity, confidentiality, and competency. Internal Auditor’s principles recite that acting with due diligence and responsibility while observing the law and not participating in activities that may impair unbiased assessment of information relevant to professional judgments are what shapes the formation of the elite auditor. Auditors are to provide judicious guarantee about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatements, resulting from error or fraud. Their failure to support the opinion that they have filed is one’s responsibility. The synergistic relationship of business and society calls for ethics in these practices. Neither of these groups could succeed without the faith of the other (SABA, 2014). The team has used this honorable set Of principles to forgo a coalesced decision moving forward. Sometimes it is easier to form opinions outside the realm of things. However, taking the morally superior alternative would be to honor the given principles that one’s profession dictates. We have come to realize that, the auditor’s company does not demonstrate the doctrines of trust and honesty. There are certain standards that which we strive for complete maturity of our morality. Through considerate thought on what kind of persons we likely want to become, the Virtue Approach enables us to act in ways that develop our highest potential. They allow us to follow the models we have embraced; honesty, courage, compassion, integrity, and self-control. Virtues are like bits, once learned; they become illustrative off person. A person who has recognized these virtues will naturally be ready to act in ways that are sound with moral principles. That being said, the virtuous person is the ethical person. The young auditor, we feel, is that ethical person who should reveal all pertinent information through the proper channels and look for employment elsewhere. Thereafter, terminating her position from her current place of employment will be the key that will open the moral lock and give her the ability to distance herself from all unethical behaviors. This case provided an interesting challenge demonstrating various ethical solutions that the team could have embraced. Eventually, the team made the recommendation based on a moral code of human society and professionalism. The auditor’s Code of Ethics represents the ethical steps to her future excellence in the corporate world, but more importantly, for herself. How to cite Ethics Team Case, Papers